Practical information

United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) | Belém, Brazil

Date

From Monday November 10 to Friday November 21, 2025

Why COP 30 is a defining moment for Africa

African nations contribute less than 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions yet face widespread devastation. Communities and states across the continent are bearing the full brunt of the crisis: worsening desertification, heatwaves, floods, droughts, and the destruction of biodiversity. On a human and economic level, the losses caused by extreme climate events are enormous, reaching up to 5% of annual GDP in some African nations, while the estimated financial needs to respond lie between 187 and 359 billion US dollars annually. Meanwhile, Africa receives only a small fraction of the climate finance needed, often in the form of debt-creating loans. This disparity is an unfair, direct violation of basic human rights and a continuation of structural injustice.

African Futures Lab will be on the ground at COP 30 in Belém, Brazil, an Afro-descendant and Amazonian city, to advance an African-led vision of climate justice. The climate crisis is rooted in colonial extraction, racialized exploitation, and structural inequality, yet all too often this reality is invisibilized in the negotiations and in global climate action.

Our work at COP30 aims to shift the global climate narrative from one of aid and charity to one of structural transformation rooted in reparative justice.  We see COP 30 as a pivotal space to connect African struggles with those of Afro-descendant and Indigenous peoples across Latin America, the Caribbean, and the broader Global South. Together, these movements can amplify calls for accountability, solidarity, and systemic change.  

In July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) affirmed that high-emitting states have binding legal duties related to climate change. Crucially: 

High-emitting states that fail to prevent climate harms must provide reparations.  And secondly, climate reparations are not optional, they are a settled principle of international law. This landmark opinion thus confirms and reinforces long-standing demands for climate reparations as a non-negotiable legal obligation

It provides African states and civil society with new leverage to demand compensation, grant-based financing, technology transfer and structural reforms based on justice.

African states must now translate this legal clarity into coordinated, assertive positions in global negotiations. 

Did COP 30 deliver justice for Africans and Afro-descendants?

The ICJ's Advisory Opinion may have cracked open a new legal horizon for accountability, but as COP 30 demonstrated, moral clarity does not automatically translate into political will.

African and Afro-descendant delegates arrived not seeking charity, but demanding a shift from aid to repair; from carbon metrics to lived realities. In every forum - side events, movement gathering, coordination meetings, media spaces and even in protests that broke through the COP gates, a new language of climate action is emerging that speaks not of aid, but of repair.

When Indigenous peoples stormed the venue (external link) to denounce their exclusion, and when Afro-Brazilian activists like Thuane Nascimento, Executive Director of PerifaConnection reminded the world that "climate change is not neutral," they exposed the core question:

Whose justice counts, and who gets to decide?

Although the UNFCCC process continues to sidestep reparations, the word now lives in the streets, the courts, and the collective conscience of social movements worldwide. African movements are reframing the debate not as a plea for inclusion, but as a declaration of authority.   

Old wine in old bottles? The limits of the UNFCCC system

COP 30 also made it clear that the current system is reaching its limits.

The UNFCCC process remains slow, overly technical and constrained by entrenched power, compounded by the staggering presence of fossil fuel lobbyists (external link). Prospects for a just, gender-responsive fossil fuel phaseout and equitable reparative climate finance are fading out of view.

As the global climate community considers alternatives, one thing is clear:

We must build spaces that center Africans and Afro-descendants, recognize the unequal burden on Black women and empower their leadership, and make reparative justice the foundation of climate action.  

Growing civil society momentum on climate reparations

The climate crisis is not only a question of mitigation and adaptation, but also a question of justice.

In 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) affirmed that states have binding obligations on climate, including responsibilities tied to historical emissions and regulation of fossil fuel industries. Yet, in the UNFCCC negotiations, these legal obligations were largely ignored. Civil society mobilized to push back, and AfaLab was at the forefront of this effort.

Together with our partner, La Ruta del Clima (external link), we continue to co-lead the global Climate  Reparations Working Group. In Belém we co-drafted an  (external link)open letter on reparations for loss and damage (external link), which garnered over  100 civil-society signatures from Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean, demonstrating growing momentum for reparations as a central, actionable demand in climate policy.   

Our Lab on the ground in Belém

1. Shifting the Global Narrative

AfaLab's interventions reframed climate action as a matter of structural and reparative justice.

In The Continent, Lavender Namdiero  (external link)called out the gap between political talk and lived reality. While COP30 rolled back a fossil-fuel phaseout roadmap, African negotiators demanded justice, grant-based finance, forest protection, resilient food systems, and faster disbursement from the Loss and Damage Fund. "Even when the word 'reparations' isn't spoken, its meaning is present everywhere, in demands for dignity, protection, recognition, and repair," Lavender wrote.

Another op-ed we co-authored exposed how the exclusion of African journalists and voices from COP30 distorts global narratives, making clear that African perspectives must be amplified.

2. Strengthening South-South Solidarity 

Grassroots solidarity was at the heart of our work. 

We supported our partner La Ruta del Clima (external link) in the launch of the Reparations Hub (external link), a unique transnational policy and advocacy space for shared strategy-building, exchanging lessons learned, elevating case studies, and coordinated advocacy across the Global South. 

During the first week our Lab convened a fishbowl discussion on False Solutions, Carbon Colonialism and Climate Reparations, which acted as a rare space for unfiltered exchange between African civil society and grassroots activists at the COP, with participation from like-minded activists from the Global South.  

As co-lead of the Reparations Working Group, we facilitated dialogue and knowledge exchange among African, Latin American, and Caribbean movements, including through a Climate Reparations Workshop.  

At the People's COP dialogue in week 2, convened by Hélène Himmer (external link), communities discussed linked struggles for racial and climate justice, culminating in calls for structural accountability.  We also participated in the climate march (external link) in Belém to reinforce public calls for accountability. 

3. Building Long-Term Alliances 

During COP30, we forged and strengthened alliances with: 

  • Fellow African NGOs mobilizing for justice and accountability 

These partnerships ensure that the momentum created at COP 30 continues beyond the conference.   

Highlights from COP 30

Media highlights and news coverage

  • The Continent

    Lavender Namdiero (external link) argues that Africa's climate demands are rooted squarely in reparative justice, showing why climate reparations are unavoidable for communities already experiencing irreversible harm.

    Read the full piece here (external link).     

  • Climate Lens Kenya

    With African civil-society partners, AfaLab underscored that excluding African voices distorts global narratives and hides African communities' lived realities and their demands for justice, finance, and accountability. 

    Read the full piece here (external link).   

What next after COP 30?

COP 30 is not the end of this work. We are committed to sustaining the momentum for African-led climate justice through: 

  • Driving advocacy across African climate summits and toward COP32 in Ethiopia 
  • Expanding workshops, briefings, webinars and media engagements to keep reparations in the public arena 
  • Strengthening South-South alliances for shared strategy and accountability 
  • Deepening the evidence base for climate reparations through research  

   

Learn more about our climate justice work

Our partners at COP 30